Robust design is a research area that focuses on developing products or systems that are able to perform consistently and effectively under various uncertain and changing conditions. This approach aims to optimize the performance and reliability of a product by identifying and addressing potential sources of variability and uncertainty in the design process. Robust design techniques typically involve a combination of mathematical modeling, statistical analysis, and experimental methods to systematically improve the robustness and reliability of a design. Ultimately, the goal of robust design is to create products that are less sensitive to variations in manufacturing processes, environmental conditions, or user behavior, leading to higher quality and more reliable performance.